What is Wi-Fi, and how does it work?

Wi-Fi is the technology most of us rely on to wirelessly connect our devices to the internet. In many ways, it’s become as essential to daily life as electricity.

We stream our favorite shows on tablets and smart TVs. We work from home on laptops. We scroll through social apps on smartphones. The list goes on.

And Wi-Fi makes it all possible—or at least a whole lot easier. Without it, we’d be stuck using restrictive cables to connect our devices.

But what makes Wi-Fi tick? In this guide, we’ll go deeper into what Wi-Fi is, how it works, and how Kinetic can set you up with a high-performing home Wi-Fi network.

What is Wi-Fi?

Wi-Fi technology uses radio frequencies to transmit high-speed internet to devices within its range. It connects computers, phones, and other devices to the internet. Besides gaining internet access, devices on a Wi-Fi network can also connect to one another to share data.

It’s sort of like how a radio station broadcasts music over the airwaves. But, in this case, the Wi-Fi router broadcasts data to devices within its range. Each device tunes in to the router’s frequency to receive the information.

Wi-Fi range can be up to 150 feet indoors and 300 feet outdoors, depending on the frequency settings (e.g., 2.4 GHz vs. 5 GHz; more on this later).

Wi-Fi is an excellent alternative to wired technologies for delivering internet connections. Wired options, such as those using Ethernet cables, can be tedious and inefficient for linking multiple devices to the internet. They’re also impractical for mobile devices, as physical cables restrict your mobility.

If you have a Wi-Fi network for your home or business, you can easily monitor and control internet access using a Wi-Fi management app or platform. Most Wi-Fi systems come with a dedicated Wi-Fi manager right out of the box.

How does Wi-Fi work?

We’ve established that Wi-Fi is what connects our devices to the internet, but how? This is where your router and modem come in.

Your router is what broadcasts the wireless signal throughout your home or office and directs all the data traffic. The router connects to the modem, which acts as a bridge between your network and your internet service provider (ISP), bringing the internet signal into your home or office—typically through a cable or a phone line.

In the case of fiber-optic internet, a modem-like device called an optical network terminal (ONT) brings the internet into your home or office by converting light signals from fiber-optic lines into a usable digital format. Fiber internet connections also use a router to transmit wireless signals throughout your home.

When you choose Kinetic as your ISP, you can lease a router-modem combo built into our Kinetic Gateway device. This all-in-one device connects you to our network and transmits an internet connection smart TV, phones, tablets, laptops, and more. Kinetic Gateways are compatible with digital subscriber line (DSL), cable, and fiber internet connection types.

Frequencies 101: 2.4 GHz vs. 5 GHz

As we mentioned earlier, your router broadcasts Wi-Fi signals as radio frequencies. The two most commonly used frequencies are 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) and 5 GHz.

Routers broadcasting on the 2.4 GHz frequency generally offer better range, providing wireless internet access to devices up to 150 feet away indoors. It tends to penetrate walls and obstacles more effectively.

On the other hand, the 5 GHz frequency typically provides faster internet speeds but at a shorter range. This is because its higher frequency and wider channels allow more data to be transmitted.

Also, while the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies can support multiple devices, the 5 GHz band often handles more simultaneous connections with greater efficiency. This is because the 5 GHz band has a higher bandwidth and data transfer rate than the 2.4 GHz frequency.

Extending Your Wi-Fi’s Reach

While Wi-Fi has a limited range, you can extend its coverage with the help of access points or mesh systems. A mesh system will capture and amplify a router’s Wi-Fi signal, allowing devices farther away to connect effectively. By strategically placing access points throughout your home, you can have a strong Wi-Fi network throughout your property.

When you get internet through Kinetic, for example, our technicians customize your Whole Home Wi-Fi setup to maximize Wi-Fi signal range and strength. We install your Kinetic Gateway and whatever Whole Home Wi-Fi equipment you need to get you up and running with no speed issues or dead spots.

What are the different types of Wi-Fi networks?

While Wi-Fi is the signal devices connect to for wireless internet access, a Wi-Fi network is the infrastructure installed to connect devices. Understanding Wi-Fi also means understanding these different network types and infrastructures.

Let’s look at the most popular Wi-Fi network types.

LAN (Local Area Network)

A local area network (LAN) connects devices within a small, specific area, such as a home or office. This is generally what most home Wi-Fi networks are.

Devices on the network, such as computers, printers, and phones, can communicate with each other to share data and fulfill tasks. A LAN can use either wireless (like Wi-Fi) or wired connectivity (like Ethernet) to connect devices.

For example, with Wi-Fi, you can wirelessly link compatible devices to create a LAN setup, enabling them to share files, printers, and internet access.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

Wide area networks (WANs) can connect devices across cities and countries. To achieve this expansive coverage, WANs rely on technologies like leased lines, satellites, or internet backbones. This is not the type of network you’d typically set up in your home.

With these technologies, a WAN can connect multiple LANs, creating a unified network for devices across various locations to communicate and share data seamlessly.

Public and private organizations can use WANs to connect remote offices and facilitate communication over long distances. Individuals also regularly use WANs for activities that involve interacting with internet users globally, such as online gaming and remote work.

PAN (Personal Area Network)

A personal area network (PAN) connects devices within a shorter range than a LAN, usually around 30 feet or less.

As its name implies, the primary purpose of a PAN is to connect personal devices, such as laptops, tablets, and wearables, so that they can communicate and share data. PANs typically use short-range wireless technologies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (like your phone’s hotspot), infrared, or wired technologies like USB.

You can also set up a PAN to provide internet access to your connected devices. For example, activating your smartphone’s hotspot lets you share its cellular data connection with other devices. However, keep in mind that internet access through a PAN might be limited in speed and range.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is ideal for connecting multiple LANs within a specific geographic area, such as a university campus or a citywide network of government offices. This combination of LANs helps extend coverage beyond what a single LAN can achieve.

Most MAN arrangements rely on high-speed fiber-optic cables or wireless connections to link LANs. Organizations can use such setups to connect office devices across various branches or outlets spread across a metropolitan area.

While MANs are essential for larger organizations, you won’t typically find them in home or small office Wi-Fi setups, which usually rely on a single LAN.

Ways to Connect to the Internet via Wi-Fi

Let’s explore the different ways devices can connect to the internet. Some rely on Wi-Fi signals for wireless convenience, while others lean on different technologies.

Router

As we’ve established, your router is the device that converts internet signals into Wi-Fi signals. It’s what your devices wirelessly connect to for internet access. Most internet setups rely on routers to generate Wi-Fi signals. Without one, you’d typically be limited to a single wired (Ethernet) connection for fiber, cable, or satellite internet plans.

Routers are the most common option for setting up Wi-Fi connections because their signal range can serve the needs of most homes and offices. There are different types of routers to suit various needs:

• Standalone routers:

  These common devices connect to a modem to provide Wi-Fi coverage for most homes and small offices.

• Mesh systems:

  These use multiple devices (nodes) to create a seamless Wi-Fi network across a larger area, ideal for homes with weak spots or multiple floors.

• Gateway devices:

  These combine a modem and router in one unit, often provided by your ISP. For example, choosing Kinetic as your ISP means you can lease the all-in-one Kinetic Gateway device.

Personal Hotspot

A personal hotspot is like creating your own mini Wi-Fi network using your smartphone or another mobile device. Turning on your hotspot means your device uses its cellular data connection to create a Wi-Fi signal that other devices can connect to. This is called tethering, enabling you to share your mobile data with laptops, tablets, or other devices.

Public Hotspot

Another option is a public hotspot, which provides internet connections to people at places like coffee shops, libraries, or airports. Some allow you to connect for free, while other establishments might charge for access.

Public hotspots often have weaker security, making your data more vulnerable to hackers, so tread carefully when using them.

5G

Chances are, you’ve heard of 5G technology for cellular networks. It’s also becoming an increasingly popular way to get high-speed internet—particularly in rural areas that lack the infrastructure for fiber, cable, or DSL.

5G home internet uses modems that receive 5G signals from nearby cell towers and transmit Wi-Fi signals via built-in routers. You simply connect your devices to the signal to access the internet wirelessly.

Of course, you can also connect directly to 5G cellular networks with smartphones and other compatible devices.

What are the different types of wireless technologies?

Wi-Fi has evolved significantly over time, getting faster and more powerful. Each new generation offers better performance, smoother functionality, and more features. This means your routers, phones, laptops, and even your smart fridge are constantly getting upgraded to handle more data and provide a better online experience.

But here’s the key: To unlock the full potential of these advancements, your devices need to support the latest Wi-Fi technologies. With that in mind, here are some of the more common Wi-Fi technologies you’re likely to encounter.

Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n)

Emerging in 2009, Wi-Fi 4 is an older (but still common) standard. It remains a passable option for basic internet use, offering decent speeds—up to 600 megabits per second (Mbps)—and operating on both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands. That said, it’s not the best for demanding tasks like 4K streaming or gaming and can be prone to interference.

Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac)

Officially released in 2014, Wi-Fi 5 took a step forward by focusing on the 5 GHz band to reduce congestion and support speeds of up to 3.5 gigabits per second (Gbps). It improved upon Wi-Fi 4 by introducing technology that accommodates more devices without slowing down the network.

Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax)

This is the predominant wireless networking standard of today. It hit the scene in 2019, bringing improved performance in crowded areas (like apartments, offices, and even sports stadiums). It’s built to support speeds of up to 9.6 Gbps.

Wi-Fi 6E

Wi-Fi 6E builds upon Wi-Fi 6, adding access to a 6 GHz band. This provides more channels, less interference, and stronger support for high-bandwidth applications like virtual reality (VR), gaming, and 4K streaming.

Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be)

Still in its early stages, Wi-Fi 7 supports ultra-high speeds of up to 46 Gbps, reduced latency, and the ability to use multiple frequency bands simultaneously.

Engineered for future applications such as 8K streaming and immersive augmented reality (AR) and VR, Wi-Fi 7 is considered the future of Wi-Fi. Adoption will take time, and compatible devices are just starting to appear. It’s expected to become more mainstream in the years ahead.

Tips for Securing Your Wi-Fi Network

While Wi-Fi is undoubtedly a convenient way to access the internet, it’s not as secure as wired connections like Ethernet. However, you can take measures to make your private Wi-Fi network safer, such as by:

• Setting up strong encryption: With strong encryption like WPA3, you can protect your wireless network from unauthorized access and data breaches. Even if an attacker breaks your password, they’ll have a harder time deciphering the data transmitted over the network. So, if your security is set to WPA2, switch to WPA3.

• Creating a robust password: Make your Wi-Fi password more than eight characters. Also, include upper- and lower-case letters, numbers, and special characters. Securing your network with such a password will make it more resistant to brute-force attacks and password guessing.

• Regularly updating firmware: Firmware updates typically include patches for identified vulnerabilities and fixes to enhance your network’s security.

• Disabling WPS: Wi-Fi protected setup (WPS) lets users connect devices to a Wi-Fi network without entering a password. Disabling it will make your network less vulnerable.

If you choose Kinetic as your ISP, you can step your security up even further with our Kinetic Secure app. It’s packed with features to protect you against cyber threats.

Implementing these tips will improve internet security for your home or business Wi-Fi network. Note that if accessing the internet via a public Wi-Fi network, such connections are typically less secure. Safety measures you can take to protect yourself while using a public network include activating your antivirus software, using a virtual private network (VPN), and disabling file sharing.

Ready for fast, reliable Wi-Fi?

Want Wi-Fi that never lets you down—Wi-Fi that supports all your home’s devices and offers 99.9% network reliability?

Kinetic offers lightning-fast connections and ultra-low lag with speeds up to 2 Gigs. Plus, our professional Whole Home Wi-Fi setup is included with installation to ensure your home Wi-Fi works like it should, everywhere it should.

See if Kinetic is available in your neighborhood today.

What is Wi-Fi? FAQs

What does Wi-Fi stand for?

Some say Wi-Fi is short for “wireless fidelity,” but that’s widely considered a myth. A marketing firm actually coined the term on behalf of the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA). WECA, now called the Wi-Fi Alliance, is a group of major companies formed to promote the wireless standard.

How does Wi-Fi work?

A router broadcasts radio waves that transmit Wi-Fi signals, and compatible devices can connect to the signal for internet access. Devices connected to the same Wi-Fi signal can also connect to one another to share data.

What are the different types of Wi-Fi deployments?

You can deploy Wi-Fi as part of a local area network (LAN) to connect devices within your home or office. For larger areas, you can deploy other network types, such as metropolitan area networks (MAN) or wide area networks (WAN). A WAN can connect devices across the globe, while a MAN can connect devices across a city.

How can I set up Wi-Fi at home?

Setting up Wi-Fi at home requires an active internet plan, a modem, and a router. The modem receives data from your internet service provider (ISP) and converts it into a usable internet signal. Next, you connect a router to the modem, which broadcasts a wireless internet signal your devices can use for internet access.

How can I improve the security of my home Wi-Fi network?

Improve your Wi-Fi network’s security by switching to WPA3 encryption and using a strong password. This password should be complex with at least eight characters, upper- and lower-case letters, numbers, and special characters. Also, you should regularly update your router firmware to fix security vulnerabilities.

99.9% Service Availability: As measured by Windstream from March 2023 to January 2025, Kinetic service reliability is calculated by dividing Available Customer Hours by Total Customer Hours, excluding planned maintenance, emergencies (like hurricanes, winter storms, floods), and other uncontrollable events.